Political deadlock over the future of South Africa¡¯s higher education funding system is pushing the country¡¯s universities to crisis point as institutions are unable to set fees or budgets for the coming year, experts have warned.

As South Africa¡¯s academic year draws to a close, universities are facing tough choices over how they will balance their books for the next academic year, which starts in February. While many institutions wish to raise tuition fees to offset deep cuts in state funding, there are widespread fears that this may spark a repeat of the violent unrest seen on campuses?in 2015 and 2016.

Amid anxiety about an escalation of campus protests, the University of Cape Town has even made its final-year students sit their exams in a large marquee on its rugby fields, using fences, guards in riot gear and dogs to prevent any disruption.

Most universities have yet to announce their fee levels for 2018, causing havoc for their financial planning, said Martin Hall, emeritus professor in Cape Town¡¯s Graduate School of Business.

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¡°This is the equivalent of a UK university in June not knowing what its financial arrangements will be in September,¡± said Professor Hall, former vice-chancellor of the University of Salford.

¡°Draconian and unexpected cuts¡± to research funding, including reductions of up to 90 per cent for many individuals funded by the National Research Foundation, had placed ¡°huge pressure¡± on research-intensive universities, which may be forced to axe staff to balance their books, said Professor Hall.

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¡°Cape Town now needs to find money to honour its research commitments at a time when they do not know what their tuition fee income is going to be,¡± he said.

The financial crisis has been caused by an impasse at a national level over university funding. Many students are campaigning for tuition fees to be scrapped but, earlier this month, the long-awaited recommendations of the country¡¯s higher education funding commission backed a?UK-style system of fees repaid via income-contingent loans.?Lukewarm reaction to the findings led Jacob Zuma, the country¡¯s president, to float his own plans to make higher education free, despite warnings that the country cannot afford the estimated annual 40 billion rand (?2.2 billion) cost of the policy, which would involve cutting other government budgets.

The matter, however, has been largely sidelined as attention focuses on December¡¯s African National Congress elections, which will appoint Mr Zuma¡¯s successor.

¡°I don¡¯t think that there will a short-term solution,¡± said Ahmed Bawa, chief executive of Universities South Africa, who added that the students ¡°will not give in easily¡± to the idea of loans.

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¡°The big concern is that income-contingent loans will leave students from low-income backgrounds with large amounts of debt, which is why they have rejected this idea.¡±?

However, Professor Bawa said that there is also a pressing need to provide an affordable route to university for South Africa¡¯s ¡°missing middle¡±, those students whose combined family income is less than 600,000 rand a year. About 400,000 of South Africa¡¯s 1 million students who are ineligible for financial aid but typically struggle to pay tuition fees up front are estimated to fall into this category. About 200,000 students qualify for support as their families earn less than 122,000 rand a year.

Belinda Bozzoli, the former deputy vice-chancellor (research) at the University of the Witwatersrand and the opposition Democratic Alliance¡¯s shadow higher education minister, told ³ÉÈËVRÊÓƵ?that neither the commission¡¯s plans nor scrapping fees was feasible. She has proposed a ¡°¡± in which the poorest students would receive loans, convertible to grants on success, students in middle-level income bands would qualify for a smaller portion of support depending on their family¡¯s income, and richer students would pay fees in full.

¡°Extreme solutions never work in higher education,¡± said Professor Bozzoli, who claimed that ¡°the government has been frightened to acknowledge that it does not have enough money to give fee-free education, so ducked the issue by setting up the commission¡±.?

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¡°It has finally got to the point when it needs to say no to the commission¡¯s proposals,¡± she said.?¡°Unfortunately, we now have a new higher education minister [Hlengiwe Mkhize]?who seems a bit oblivious to the fact that this is when universities are setting fees ¨C term is going to start in a matter of weeks, so this is why it is a problem.¡±

Universities need to be able to raise their tuition fees by 8 per cent in 2018 to reflect inflationary cost pressures and reduced subsidy levels, Professor Bozzoli added.

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Unless this was allowed to happen, ¡°universities will need to start cutting staff because subsidies have gone down in real terms over the past decade, which is why fees are now so important to universities¡±.

jack.grove@timeshighereducation.com