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Sarah Churchwell: why the humanities matter

Ahead of the Being Human festival, the professor of American literature considers their importance

十一月 13, 2014

Source: Miles Cole

When we stopped being citizens and began to think of ourselves only as consumers, we relinquished thousands of years of human development

The renowned scientist E. O. Wilson recently described the humanities as “the natural history of culture, and our most private and precious heritage”. The humanities are the study of what makes us human, of what it means to be human. As they penetrate every aspect of existence, they can, and should, intersect with the natural and social sciences, but literature, history, art, music, languages, theatre, film – and yes, television and computer games – are the stories and ideas through which we express our humanity.

We understand ourselves and our world through the telling of stories. Visual dramas teach us sympathy, empathy, pity, encouraging us to break out of our solipsistic shells. They explore ethical issues, ask challenging questions, inform the way we view each other. Today we live in a culture more defined by images and stories than ever before. Given this, it is vital that we approach the media, advertising and marketing discourses that influence and often manipulate us with critical thinking. We need improved communication skills; no one is born with them, and just chatting with your family and friends does not teach the precision of language needed to negotiate and reframe our complicated world. In a global age, we need to understand other societies. Anyone who has ever studied a foreign language knows that different phrases can prompt new perspectives and open our eyes to cultural values; studying foreign languages also improves mastery of our own. This rule holds by analogy more generally: when we learn about other people, we also learn about ourselves.

The politicians and corporations telling us that the humanities do not matter are, by no coincidence, the same people who think of us only as workers and consumers, not as citizens or individuals, and who strip away our human rights, one by one. It is the wealthy who insist that we should seek only to work: we don’t need the humanities, they tell us, all we need is to labour in a marketplace that will enrich them, not us.

If we agree that the humanities do not matter, or fail to challenge this assessment, we are colluding in the very practices that reduce our humanity, that impinge upon all the other ways in which we can enrich our lives, our abilities to express our creative individuality. Until we reconsider what it means to lead a truly satisfying life, what the ancient Greeks considered the “good life” – who are by no coincidence the people who invented the study of the humanities – we should not be surprised if we have the politicians and plutocrats we deserve. Why should any politician seek to challenge the source of his (rarely her) power?

The humanities conserve and safeguard those aspects of our being that intersect with the meanings of human existence beyond industry. A certain playwright was said to love humanity as a concept but to have less time for human beings. The same can be said of our so-called leaders, whose lofty rhetoric in support of humanity is belied by their contempt for the study of the humanities. That said, as the historian James Truslow Adams wrote some years ago, it is absurd to think that the powerful will abandon their power “to become spiritual leaders of a democracy that despises spiritual things”.

There is a story that may be apocryphal but is illustrative. Supposedly, Richard Dawkins was once visiting an art gallery in Florence, and as he left was heard to ask, “But what’s all this art for?” Regardless of whether Dawkins actually said it, this question articulates a widely held view among the instrumentalists and technocrats who decide our society’s priorities. Last year it was revealed that scientific studies had “proven” that reading made people more empathetic. At last, some book lovers cried, what we always knew has been proven: book lovers are better people! Anyone who has spent time in a literature department might challenge this jolly notion, but I agree with the critic Lee Siegel, who responded by defending his right to love books regardless of whether they “improved” him. Let me answer the question: what’s all this art for? It’s for us.

When we stopped being citizens and began to think of ourselves – or rather, each other – only as consumers, we relinquished thousands of years of human development. How can we sustain our civilisation if we don’t understand how it works? How can we interpret Magna Carta and defend our rights if no one reads Latin? How will we protect our own laws? How can we hope for transcendence in a secular age if we give up on beauty? Even in instrumentalist terms, the humanities represent 5,000 years of free research and development in what it means to be human. I think we should make use of that.

The humanities are where we locate our own lives, our own meanings; they embrace thinking, curiosity, creation, psychology, emotion. The humanities teach us not only what art is for, but what life might be for, what this strange existence might mean. What kind of humans would think that the humanities don’t matter? We need the advanced study of humanities so that we might, some day, become advanced humans.

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Reader's comments (5)

In fact, *Professor* Churchwell only makes one reference to critical thinking in her article ("... it is vital that we approach the media, advertising and marketing discourses that influence and often manipulate us with critical thinking"). Some may find the term "critical thinking" ill-defined, but I would suggest that it simply refers to the ability to construct sound arguments and to identify unsound ones. The comment above does not even merit the status of an argument, since it is unsupported by either evidence or reasons: it is merely an expression of opinion. That said, it would be a good idea if critical thinking in the above sense were to be taught as such as part of *every* student's curriculum, rather than assuming that students will automatically acquire the necessary skills by simply studying the humanities.
As a science academic I found the essay rather depressing, it constructs straw figures and hints science / technology is dehumanising (a very old trope dating back to Newton, see also Feynman on the beauty of the flower). For variety we are also linked to free market exploiters; the new bogey man. The essay conflates two things the enjoyment of culture and the study of it. I enjoy a lot of cultural activities and indeed, I would agree that culture is a defining aspect of humanity without which life would be intolerable. No one has said humanities do not matter, rather the question being asked is, as taxpayers how much do we wish to spend on the study (not production) of culture. Asking the question is taken by the writer as the questioner despises humanity or wants people to remain stunted as humans (all the better to exploit you my child). As a scientist I laughed out loud about alleged contempt for humanities in the public sphere. This from a culture where people boast about being hopeless with fractions, physics, not understanding chemistry etc etc. I really have yet to meet a scientists or technologist who boasts about hating 'literature' or not understanding 'music' or not getting painting. People love culture, cinema's are booming, bookshops and amazon do a roaring trade, most theatre shows I go to are sold out, art galleries have attracted huge investments across the country. I do meet people who query whether the UK invests too much in or over values the study of 18th century romantic literature. Most keep their mouths shut for fear of being othered as a philistine, as hinted at here. Science is utterly marginalised in public debate even where it has a lot to say (climate change, GM crops, nuclear power, renewables), Times Higher each week has essays from humanities scholars and book reviews. Very good they are too, but hardly the symptom of field under threat of eradication. In Parliament there are single figures of people with ANY knowledge or training in science beyond school. Journalists are all but exclusively humanities graduates. At my kids state school, there has been for years a constant shortage of physics teachers. I think culture and technology are inextricably linked. Technology by making survival easier enables humans to devote more time to the life of the mind. To hold ancient Greece where life for many was nasty brutish and short for many is hyperbole (not everyone had time or money to follow Socrates). A society in which women do not die routinely in childbirth, where one does not expect that some of ones children will die before five, where a killer virus HIV has been tamed in 20 years (not cured), where an EBola outbreak can be halted (after horrific and tragic deaths) and where one can listen on headphones to entertainment on a box the size of a matchbox has a lot going for it (advanced humans). Is it perfect ? Not by a long long way but the preening in arrogating to humanities a role as the sole yardstick of our humanity is annoying and to my mind wrong.
Romantics. 19th century.
I find this to be the most brilliant explanation of why the humanities matter that I've read, because it postulates the motives of those who denigrate them and thus gives context to their otherwise baseless argument.
The humanities lie at the very core of the democratic idea. As such, they have a critical role to play in the social and political spheres. An earlier comment stated that "...culture and technology are inextricably linked." While I agree with the comment, the basis for that agreement might differ slightly from the writer's. Many scientists operate on the theory that one must pursue science (and technology) for its own sake. Any moral or ethical questions about the pursuit or application of science and/or technology, are not the scientist's concern. But it is the concern of the humanities. While science says we can do something, the humanities ask if we should...or as one wag put it "just because we can fill a room with crap doesn't mean we should." This activist role should play out in the social and political arenas as well, inserting norms and traditional values into policy and other discussions. The disciplines that make up the humanities are uniquely positioned to deal with the broad array of conflicts, divisions, and disruptions that beset any society.
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