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On the morning of 24 February 2020, Beijing Normal University (BNU) started a new semester with its traditional flag-raising ceremony. This moment had already been postponed several weeks because of Covid-19, and students had not been able to return to BNU. The campus was empty, but online classrooms were full − more than 3,000 courses had been planned for the semester, involving more than a thousand faculty members and tens of thousands of students. For the first time in its history, all courses at BNU’s 30 schools and faculties were delivered online.

The semester started only three weeks after China’s Ministry of Education had issued its requiring colleges and universities to implement online education. In the months to follow, similar transitions would be replicated by institutions of higher education across the world. While the shift to online education also raised significant for BNU students, what remains unique about the effort by many Chinese universities is the pace and scale at which it was done, fuelled by a booming ed-tech industry.

For several years already, China has been a global leader in ed-tech, given the implementation of AI-based personalised learning solutions. Out of the world’s 22 ed-tech unicorns (private companies valued at more than $1 billion [£740 million]), nine are from China, alongside US companies such as Udemy, Duolingo and Coursera. At the top of the stands Yuanfudao, a company offering a range of education services including an online class platform, a question bank and maths review.

Compared with its Western kin, Yuanfudao stands out in several ways. First, it has a significant physical presence, with more than 30,000 employees at teaching centres across China. The company has also invested significantly in artificial intelligence, having set up an AI research institute with elite schools including Tsinghua University. Finally, it has massive scale, with 400 million students using its apps across China. All the above factors serve to reinforce Yuanfudao’s online education services.

Besides companies such as Yuanfudao, there is a broader ecosystem of services that support online education, including direct competitors but also a host of other companies offering different combinations of communication services, social media, videoconferencing services, virtual classroom solutions and learning management systems that all to some extent compete with and complement each other. Coupled with a cultural propensity to prioritise and spend on education, innovation and investment in the ed-tech sector in China have been growing for several years.

What made the transition to online learning in early 2020 relatively successful was not only being able to build on the existing ed-tech ecosystem but years of investing in infrastructure, forward-looking policies and ICT tools for colleges and universities.

For starters, there are about 1 billion internet users in China, according to the own figures. And while internet networks across the country are fairly impressive, one of the immediate steps by the authorities was to involve the telecom companies to ensure capacity to provide bandwidth-heavy online education services. In some cases, the universities themselves have negotiated deals with telecom providers to subsidise the data plans of their faculty and students.

Furthermore, in 2017 the country’s State Council released a to become a world leader in AI, particularly in the education sector. Since then, both implementing AI solutions in education technologies and teaching AI in schools and universities have become a top priority. Supported by tax incentives for investments in AI and student learning, investors have been encouraged to fund innovations, while schools and parents have been urged to explore new modes of learning.

When the pandemic hit China, a policy foundation was already in place for partnerships to form quickly between national and local government, private sector and civil society, exemplified by the of a national cloud platform for educational resources and public services serving millions of visitors simultaneously during the spring semester.

Finally, universities had for several years been improving their own technical preparedness for online learning. An example is Zhejiang University, which since 2018 had built a wide spectrum of smart classrooms, equipped with audio recognition and simultaneous interpretation. In the weeks leading up to the school opening, 200 smart classrooms had been quickly put in place for teachers to shoot video courses or livestream 5,000 courses. The president of the university, We Zhaohui, has that while they prepared for the worst, they have also been trying to turn the crisis into an opportunity.

Similar to how China’s transition to online education was spurred by the ecosystem already in place to advance the sector, we can also expect the new products, policies and partnerships formed in this crucial period to further advance the country’s role as a global leader in ed-tech. Those in the West face a struggle to keep up.

Tom C. Varghese is visiting policy fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford. He works in public policy in the internet and telecommunications sector.