Browse the full results of the World University Rankings 2019

A vice-chancellor¡¯s job is always busy, but, even by the usual standards of high office at a global university, the past academic year has been an eventful one for me at Cambridge. Over centuries, our university has demonstrated a remarkable ability to change with the times. At the moment, however, our resilience is being tested as the UK¡¯s higher education sector is buffeted by gale-force winds of change.

Universities are coming to terms with the creation of new government bodies, including the Office for Students and UK Research and Innovation, which bring a new and expressly regulatory remit to their interaction with universities.

Political volatility is rife, which is perhaps to be expected in these anxious times. More troubling for someone who has long admired UK higher education is the simmering sense of hostility towards universities. The two are not unrelated.

Discontent about universities most commonly plays out in the editorial pages of the national press and in the not-so-far reaches of social media. It often takes the form of criticism of universities for being bastions of privilege. For not engaging with less-advantaged groups. For not encouraging more diversity. For not upholding free speech. For not being relevant. For not offering ¡°value for money¡±.

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Such grumblings are not a new thing. Almost 30 years ago, the late University of Chicago sociologist Edward Shils noted that universities ¡°are much criticised nowadays by government, civil servants, professors of education, journalists¡­There are numerous reasons for these denunciations ¨C some are good reasons, many are poor. Nevertheless¡­societies cling to them. The universities do not survive simply because professors have a vested interest in their survival. That would never be enough. These societies cling to them because, in the last analysis, they are their last best hope for a transfigured existence.¡±

I stand with Shils in acknowledging that some criticism of universities is justified ¨C as microcosms of society, universities can never be perfect institutions, and there is always more hard work to be done.

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Some recent rebukes spring from the now-fashionable suspicion of expertise and the equally fashionable distrust in social institutions. New technologies have certainly fanned the flames of this distrust. Former US president Barack Obama remarked that the abundance of information at our fingertips has not made us more discerning of the truth, but only ¡°more confident in our ignorance¡±.

Often, however, public disparagement of universities is the result of deeply entrenched misunderstandings about what universities do and what they are for.

I recently heard the story of a woman who inspired her son to leave his considerable estate to enable great world universities to spark conversations around human values. She came from a religious minority, bore many children and had almost no formal education. Yet she shared with her son her firm conviction that universities were among the greatest achievements of humanity.

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Note: The data are taken from the period covered by this year¡¯s rankings. The bibliometric data cover journal articles, article reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters published over five years between 2013 and 2017.

Like her, I simply can¡¯t conceive of a world without global universities. But perhaps, in responding to criticism, we might try to imagine what would happen if research-intensive universities such as Cambridge simply did not exist. What would we be missing?

In what alternative settings might young people with career aspirations be able to make that crucial transition from the world of school to the world of work?

Where might those young men and women have the time or space to take on new ideas, to challenge them and to develop their own?

Where might their potential for leadership ¨C academic, entrepreneurial, political, civic ¨C be freely incubated and honed?

What other institutions might be able to create, curate and communicate knowledge, unencumbered by the imperatives of profit or policy?

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Who might our societies task with delivering the discoveries and innovations that will fuel our countries¡¯ development?

Who else has the convening power to bring together governments, international organisations, businesses, the non-profit sector and leading researchers and thinkers to find common solutions to urgent global problems?

Critically: what other institutions might be able ¨C or might even aspire ¨C to do all of these things at once?

Of course I am biased, but I struggle to think of any.

Universities¡¯ uniqueness as institutions does not give them the licence to divorce themselves from the expectations of the societies they serve. Indeed, the public trust placed in universities depends on universities¡¯ ability to demonstrate that they take society¡¯s goals and hopes seriously.

In a speech delivered in 1995, Gerhard Casper, then the president of Stanford University, also wondered what it would be like to live in a world without universities: ¡°Let us remember that the world may need us, but it does not owe us anything,¡± he concluded. ¡°Unless we make the case for our work in its entirety and pursue it rigorously and efficiently the world may tire of us and develop new approaches that it will consider adequate substitutes, even though¡­they may not be adequate in fact.¡±

When society does not feel we have its interests at heart, it is up to us to improve the ways we engage with it and communicate about what we do, how we do it and why.

For now, I take some comfort from early signs that the trend of loss of trust in experts and expertise, which calls dramatically into question the role of universities, may be reversing. A recent survey by Columbia University¡¯s Teachers College concludes that most Americans (or at least most of the 3,000 or so respondents) support government funding of higher education and recognise that, beyond graduates¡¯ employability, there are significant benefits to the public from higher education.

The latest Edelman Trust Barometer, a yearly snapshot of global public trust in institutions, reveals that ¡°voices of authority¡± ¨C including technical and academic experts ¨C are gaining ground, while the credibility of ¡°a person like yourself¡± is waning significantly.

So the tide may be turning. I hope we are moving back to a place where the word ¡°expert¡± is once again a badge of honour, rather than a term of abuse. But there is no cause for complacency. The moment is right for global universities to be confident in their missions, and also to speak up for knowledge, evidence and skills. We have a great story to tell ¨C now is the time to tell it better.

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Stephen Toope is vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge.